Saturday, August 31, 2019

Nur 405

Family Nursing Diagnosis The O’Campo family is made up of a husband Danilo and his wife Lydia. They were born in the Philippines and came to the USA when Lydia was 20 and Danilo was 23 years of age. They suffered through the death of their son Emilio who died from an automobile accident at the age of 22. Although this was traumatic for them they recovered from the trauma. Now they find themselves enduring the hardships of aging. Danilo 74 has severe cardiac problems, and Lydia 69, is suffering from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Danilo is Lydia’s primary caregiver.One night Lydia falls at home and breaks her hip, and requires an admission to the hospital for surgery. The admission doesn’t result in improvements, and she deteriorates, and becomes more confused. Danilo also begins to deteriorate as well, because he is neglecting himself. Lydia is eventually discharged from the hospital and sent to a rehabilitation hospital for physical therapy. They start ed her on a routine and she did rather well and was sent home. Their grandniece Kristina received them and was taking care of them and their house in-between semesters for school.When Kristina left, Lydia got worse, she began to sleep walk in the middle of the night. Danilo was unable to keep with her due to his CHF, and had a heart attack, he died at the hospital. Lydia was then transferred to a nursing home, her health continued to deteriorate and she passed away shortly after her husband. Nursing diagnosis are a part of the nursing process and is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences/responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes.Nursing diagnoses are developed based on data obtained during the nursing assessment portion of the nursing process. A nursing diagnosis that is appropriate for this family is, Interrupted family process related to family role shift. Mr. O’Campo was the sole caregiver to his wife Lydia, however sin ce her hospitalization he was forced to give up some of his duties as a caregiver to the hospital staff. As a result his wife Lydia became more confused, and combative towards those whom she was not accustomed in dealing with on a daily basis, and because she was taken out of her routine with her husband.Another nursing diagnosis that is appropriate to the O’Campo family is caregiver role restraint related to apprehension about care receiver’s health and caregiver’s ability to provide care. Lydia’s hospitalization has caused a lot of strain on the health of Danilo. His cardiac and respiratory statuses have deteriorated significantly due to him neglecting his own health. The last nursing diagnosis that would apply to the O’Campo family, Danilo specifically would be non-compliance related to lack of taking care of himself.As a result Danilo deteriorated quickly and lacked to take the appropriate measures of seeking medical attention quickly, and in t urn decided to self-treat himself. In Healthy People 2020 they discuss some of the important tips to help the elderly with dementia and Alzheimer’s. Some of the suggestions include, increasing the availability of existing effective diagnostic tools. Increasing awareness will in turn decrease the number of people with undiagnosed dementia. There are breakthrough treatments and new research studies assisting in reducing the severity of symptoms through better medical management.Providing more support to family caregivers with social, behavioral, and legal resources. The caregivers should encourage healthy behaviors to reduce the risk of co-occurring conditions. Danilo had a structured routine for Lydia. He tried to do the same things with her at the same time every day, to minimize, confusion and altered behaviors that may be risky to her and Danilo as well. There are so many resources available to Alzheimer’s patients and their family. The Alzheimer’s Association is a leading voluntary health organization for Alzheimer's disease for Alzheimer's care support and research.Caring Bridge is a nonprofit organization providing free websites that connect family and friends during a serious health event, care and recovery. A Caring Bridge website is personal, private and available 24/7. It helps ease the burden of keeping family and friends informed. The websites are easy to create and use. Authors add health updates and photos to share their story while visitors leave messages of love and support in the guestbook. Children of Aging Parents (CAPS) is a non-profit organization that assists caregivers of elderly of chronically ill individuals with reliable information, referrals and support.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Research Paper on Fun Things Essay

For this assignment, you will compose a ten-page research paper on a great thinker chosen from the attached list. There are three components to this assignment. The first is that you will write about the major thought, idea, or system of belief for which the great thinker was known. Secondly, you will write about two or three ways in which the teachings of the great thinker influenced history. Thirdly, you will provide a thoughtful analysis of at least one idea touted by the great thinker. You will need to research and properly document eight to ten scholarly sources using the MLA standard for citation. In addition to writing the paper, you will be learning and implementing a way to organize your research and writing. You will receive two grades for this assignment: one for the final paper and one for the research and writing prep work. Research Component Research is an important skill for college students to learn and implement. When done well, research will help strengthen an argument, prove a point, verify facts, and explain with first-hand knowledge. At its most basic level, research is studying the works of experts in any given field. For instance, if I want to research heart surgery, I will locate experts in the field of cardiology and read what they say about the heart. In reading their works, which may consist of published studies, medical journal articles or medical books, or informative medical websites or blogs, I am presuming and appealing to their expert knowledge and skill in an area I know little or nothing about. In short, I’m reading and studying their work in order to learn. For your research paper, you will be appealing to the expert knowledge of a great thinker. You will research articles and/or books that were either written by the great thinker (we call this a primary source) or by someone who studied the great thinker (we call this a secondary source). For example, let’s say you are studying Jonathan Edwards (great puritan theologian). Were you to read and study his actual sermons, you would be researching a primary source. Were you to read and study what John Piper (present day pastor and avid Jonathan Edwards fan) has written about the theology of Jonathan Edwards, then you would be conducting secondary research. Both primary and secondary sources are very valuable when writing research papers. Usually primary research is considered to be the most reliable in that it is closest to the original (the idea originator, the eye-witness account, the photograph, etc†¦). A good research paper will be able to navigate both types of research and carefully integrate it appropriately. For the purposes of this assignment, you’ll be doing both because you’ll be concerned with what the great thinker actually taught and that will best be discovered by his or her actual writings, and you’ll be concerned with how his or her thoughts influenced history, which is most likely written by other scholars. In addition to conducting primary and secondary research, you’ll need to make sure that your sources are consider scholarly; that is, your sources come from people who have appropriate expertise in the field of you are studying. This will not be an issue with your primary sources because you will go straight to the source (i.e., you’ll study the writings or Marx or Lewis), but it will be more of an issue in secondary sources. How to tell if an article or book is considered scholarly or written by an authoritative expert in the field can be tricky, but here are a few rules: 1. Does the author have an educational background that would account for the knowledge in the article or book? 2. In the case of articles, is it published in a peer-reviewed journal? 3. Does the article or book offer analysis and critique of original sources or just give mere impressions or opinions? Another term I have mentioned in regards to research is MLA citation (Modern Language Association). MLA is a method of citation that is used primarily in the humanities that indicates the source of your research. Learning MLA citation rules takes time and lots of effort, but it is a necessary part of conducting and writing a well-researched paper. For this assignment, you’ll need at least eight scholarly sources that may include journal articles or books but may NOT include websites. There will be in-class lectures that will teach you where to locate scholarly resources and how to properly keep track and cite them. As I see it, there are two major avenues of research for this paper: the first is research involving the actual ideas of the great thinker. The second is research involving the analysis of the thinker’s ideas. Content of Research Paper As mentioned in the assignment overview, there are two components to this research paper. The first is that you will research the major idea or set of ideas for which the great thinker was known. This will be the first section of the research paper and will include a thorough explanation of the great thinker’s idea or ideas and he or she came to belief or think in such a way. The second section of the paper will include a discussion on two or three of the major ways the great thinker’s ideas influenced history. The third section is where you provide thoughtful analysis about at least one of the great thinker’s ideas. This is not, necessarily, an argument, but rather it is an opportunity for you to break down the idea and comment on it yourself. Although I’m more interested in your analysis, it may help to research how others have analyzed and critiqued your great thinker’s ideas. In this section you may 1. Critique the thinker’s idea 2. Break down the thinker’s ideas and provide additional clarification or implication 3. Show how different scholars have viewed or interpreted the great thinker’s ideas and whether agree or disagree 4. Show why the thinker’s ideas produced negative or positive effects on society, theology, history, etc. 5. Any combination of the above. Please note that I do not wanting you to write a biography; that is, I do not want detailed discussion on the great thinker’s family history, marriage, hobbies, physical appearance, personal health, friends, etc. unless is it absolutely pertinent to his or her intellectual contribution. Paper Organization Each of you will be required to create an outline for your paper and turn it in as part of the assignment. Additionally, you will be required to keep track of all research and turn in your research notes. Research Organization I will require you to keep track of your sources through Microsoft One Note or Word, whichever works best for you. For every source you look at, you’ll need to record the following information: 1. Source Title- title of the article or book 2. Source Location-book, ebook with web address, journal article with web address 3. Source Citation- MLA citation as it would appear in your works cited page 4. What-what information are you using from the source. If it is short, type it here. If it is a chapter or large section, write down the major idea or some key words and the necessary information to find it in your source easily (page or section numbers, headings, etc.). 5. Plan- how you plan on using the information You will have at least eight records with the above information, although it is much more likely you’ll have more and may not use all sources in the actual writing of the paper. That is okay. Note: Make sure you accurately record information for every source because you won’t remember. Grading Criteria: Each paper will be graded on the following: 1. Accurate, detailed, and thoughtful discussion and analysis of the great thinker’s ideas 2. Coherent, fluid prose 3. Accurate implementation of MLA citation 4. Integration of scholarly sources 5. Proper adherence to Standard English grammar and style 6. Proper adherence to page length and formatting guidelines

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Case Study on Illy Cafe

Illy Caffe   is one of the ten best companies in the coffee industry in Europe. It was founded in1933 by Francesco Illy, and in 1994 was given over to Andrea Illy. Since its formation, Illy Caffe’s main goal was to deliver the best quality coffee to its customers. Th e company wascareful when choosing its suppliers and always made sure it receives the best quality coffeebeans. However, after the last CEO has joined the company in 1994, Illy Caffe decided to changeits strategy and to become more responsible in the area of its business. The circumstances, whichthe coffee industry appeared to be under in 1989, was the first step toward the strategic changesmade in some companies, like Illy Caffe. Now, Illy Caffe buys highest-quality Arabica beansdirectly from Brazil, Central America, India, and Africa. The company has restructured itssupply chain completely, and has brought many innovations into the coffee industry in Brazil,making it the exporter of the best-quality coffee beans grower and producer in the world. Thefollowing paper aims at analyzing the changes made in Illy Caffe in 1989 and identifying the key issues and their potential solutions in the company’s new strategy. Changes in Illy Caffe’s supply chain describes the strategy and its benefits In 1989 Illy Caffe’s management decided to change its supply chain from a regular one to adirect purchasing. The quality of the coffee played a significant role in Illy Caffe’s business.Company’s CEO and managers believed that coffee loses its quality after going th rough differentstages in the supply process. They believed that the more intermediaries they would have, theworse would be the quality of their coffee. Therefore, changing this situation through refusing tohave a single intermediary appeared to be the most appropriate thing to do. Illy Caffe became thefirst company in the coffee industry, which started buying directly from farmers. In return tohigh premiums, company expected to receive higher quality coffee beans from Braziliangrowers. Brazil was the largest producer of coffee at that time, however, had poor reputationbecause of the bad quality of their products. Illy Caffe was aware of the situation in Brazil,however, it could find required amount of growers only in that country. The company, therefore,decided to teach Brazilian farmers, how to become its suppliers. Since Illy Caffe was good atinnovation throughout its existence, it found a good way to attract coffee growers (not only fromBrazil but from all over the world) and to make them produce higher-quality coffee. The Illycaffe Brazil Quality Espresso Coffee Award was designed in order to find company’s potential suppliers among the farmers from Brazil. The main idea of this project was to create afeeling of mutual benefit from the partnership and to motivate growers to start producing higher-quality goods. Getting an award and winning a competition meant receiving a good opportunityfor the company in the future.The project became very successful, and hundreds of Brazilian farmers were accepted toparticipate in it. Illy Caffe succeeded in finding good producers and to make them become even better through selecting them among other participants to become company’s long -term partners.Illy Caffe wanted to make sure its relationship with Brazilian partners would be strong and longlasting

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Diesel engine and Petrol engine ( Comparison ) Essay

Diesel engine and Petrol engine ( Comparison ) - Essay Example Despite their derivation from crude oil, the use of petrol or diesel engine varies according to the particular needs of the consumer who will drive the automobile such as fuel prices, fuel efficiency, fuel economy, running cost, taxes, etcetera (â€Å"Choosing between petrol and diesel†, 2013; â€Å"Buying A Car - Do I Choose Petrol Or Diesel?†, 2012; Foxall, 2012; Ottley, 2010; Work Truck Magazine, 2011). In terms of their chemical properties, diesel is denser than petrol and generates more energy upon combustion (Bloom, 2010). By design, a petrol engine consists of connecting rods, brasses, strap, jibs, cotter and set screws (Narayana, Kannaiah and Reddy 2007, 359). The major difference between a diesel engine and a petrol engine, apart from the different fuels, comes from the way in which fuel is combusted inside the piston cylinder. Fuel in the petrol engine is mixed with air, compressed by the pistons and then ignited by the spark provided from the spark plugs. On the other hand, a diesel engine differs in terms of the stage when air is compressed. As opposed to a petrol engine, air in a diesel engine is compressed first after which fuel is injected and ignited as the air heats up after being compressed (Brain, 2014). This essay will present an evaluative comparison of diesel and petrol engines in terms of their design and functioning. The engine’s compression ratio concerns to the amount to which the gasses can be squeezed into the engine’s cylinder. The higher the engine’s compression ratio the more preferable it is because compression generates high amounts of heat (â€Å"Difference between Diesel and Gasoline Engines†, 2012). Compression involves blending and evaporating the fuel and air molecules, which mix with each other appropriately by being thrusted together into a smaller and tighter area. High compression ratio in an engine enables the generation of greater power by burning fuel and

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Little italy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Little italy - Research Paper Example However, Italian Harlem is currently composing of more Spanish Americans as compared to those from Italian origin. In this regard, Little Italy in lower Manhattan serves as a perfect representation of Italian populations in modern America. Currently, Little Italy in New York is characterized by numerous restaurants selling Italian cuisine. In addition, streets along this region are laced with several convenience stores selling products preferred by Italian consumers. History of Little Italy Historically, Little Italy in Manhattan was founded in the late 19th Century during immigration of Europeans into the US. Supposedly, Europeans from different countries including Spain, Italy and Britain were moving in mass numbers into the US. During the movement, thousands of Italians entered into the United State’s west coast. Since Europeans preferred urban settlements, most Italians moved from the cost and settled in areas around New York metropolitan. In 1910, population of Americans from Italian ancestry living in the region was approximately 10000. This does not mean that the entire population of Little Italy was ten thousand. Other people, especially Chinese immigrants were living with Italians within the city. As of 2011, demographic statistics shows that Little Italy comprised of approximately 1200 Americans from Italian ancestry. Vincenza (2008) says that through the ages, residents in this region continually move from Little Italy to places like Texas and California in search of greener pastures. This is because Little Italy is known for being a residential area with poorest Italian American in United States. Economic Segregation Based on immigration history, Italians were of lower economic and social status compared to their European counterparts like Spanish and Irish immigrants. Italians worked as farmers and laborers while British and Spanish immigrants owned farms and industries. Currently, economic segregation that existed during the immigration per iod is still conspicuous in Little Italy. Businesses owned by Italian Americans within the town are small and medium in sizes compared to those owned by people from other ethnic background. In terms of social status, Italian Americans in Little Italy live in cheap and affordable homesteads similar to those of Indian and Chinese Americans. This means that residents of Italian origin living in Little Italy still demonstrate a humble and economical living style. According to Vincenza (2008), there is a general notion that Italians were aware of their low economic power when compared to other European immigrants. In this case, their main intention of immigrating into the US was to work hard, accumulate wealth and return back to Italy. This explains why Italians in Little Italy does not prefer permanent homes and engage in casual occupation as a means of earning a living. Demographics As acknowledged earlier, Little Italy currently comprise of approximately 1200 Italian Americans. This i s contrary to the town’s population in 1910 when it reached a peak of approximately 10000 people from Italian ancestry. The reason for decline in population can be attributed to the fact that residents shift from one American state to another in search of better economic environments. In this case, Italian Americans who previously lived in Little Italy of lower Manhattan have moved to other places, leaving a

Monday, August 26, 2019

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass Essay

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass - Essay Example It was Douglas’ firm belief in his abilities that empowered him to act as a revolutionary activist, who then played a key role in the abolitionist movement. The hard earned self-education also enabled Douglass to write his remarkable autobiography ‘Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave’, which details various aspects of his life as a slave and immorality of slavery itself. His escape from slavery was a major event narrated in his book that further determined the course of his life. In order to understand Douglas fight against slavery, it is important to identify the key motivations behind his struggle that will probably address how the slave became a citizen. Earlier in the story, Douglas describes a series of events in which he witnessed some acts of cruel brutality against fellow slaves in his early age. His mother passed away when he was seven but felt nothing difficult due to their forced separation a lot earlier. He saw Aunt Hesterâ₠¬â„¢s being cruelly whipped by his master till she was covered with blood. This event introduced him to the real and horrible character of slavery. In his own words, "it was the first of a long series of such outrages, of which I was doomed to be a witness and a participant. It struck me with awful force. It was the blood-stained gate, the entrance to the hell of slavery, through which I was about to pass. It was a most terrible spectacle" (Douglas, 1996). Douglas later describes of himself as being deeply affected by the singing of slaves in detail. He also narrates several events that left him with an immense hatred of slavery, including the brutal murder of Demby at the hands of Gore. Such brutal and inhumane occurrences motivated in him the utmost desire to escape from slavery. The prime event that helped him to determine his pathway and provoked in him the desire to gain knowledge occurred after he was removed from Colonel Lloyd's plantation to Baltimore, for serving the son of Hugh and Sophia Auld. It was here that he discovered the joy of learning when Sophia Auld taught him how to read a word using alphabets. However, Hugh Auld disliked his wife's efforts and forbade her by saying that, "If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master - to do as he is told to do. Learning will spoil the best nigger in the world. Now if you teach that nigger how to read, there would be no keeping him" (Douglas, 1996). These words deeply convinced Douglas that learning was the pathway leading to ultimate freedom of a slave. After being sent back to the country from Baltimore, Douglas was eventually lent to Edward Covey for a year. Mr. Covey fed him enough food to eat but often whipped him for his awkwardness. Covey was known to be a slave-breaker and his cruel treatment crushed his strong spirit. One day, when Covey tried to tie him up, he strongly resisted and fought back. Douglas regards his fight with Covey and hi s surprising cowardly response as one of the major turning points in his slave career. According to him, "it rekindled the few expiring embers of freedom, and revived within me a sense of my own manhood. It recalled the departed self-confidence, and inspired me again with a determination to be free" (Douglas, 1996). He became confident in his belief that no matter how long he remains a slave, he will get freedom eventually. He also planned to escape with some fellow

Sunday, August 25, 2019

The Positioning, Entrepreneurial and Cognitive Schools of Strategy Essay

The Positioning, Entrepreneurial and Cognitive Schools of Strategy - Essay Example Research Data that has been recorded is the key in the provision of abundantly rich information on a different assortment of possible targets during a research process.This can be data relating to thoughts, personalities, and attitudes.The information being researched can also happen to be touching on other aspects, such as social, interpersonal, cultural, or even political contexts. Strategy content research is a data analysis and research method which is found to be extremely viable in the conduction of research touching on a large number of fields and topics. It is most commonly used in conducting research in linguistics, history, communication, psychology, political science, education, and the study of complex organizations. Strategy content research is broadly used in conducting research targeting often extremely turbulent nursing and healthcare research programs. This is because of its ability to provide a basic and relevant approach suitable for both approaching and retrieval of required information from the variety of sources. It does this in a manner that can be perceived as being more objective and systematic in comparison to intuitive listening or reading. In addition to this, its utility as a feasible tool in data analysis strategy when one conducts qualitative research has proven to be immensely beneficial (Waltz, Strickland & Lenz, 2010). When applied to the conduction of quantitative research, the method invokes the objective simplification and reduction of the recorded data and language. These are reduced to a simple set of categories, each representing frequency, intensity, or presence of selected characteristics. The Mental Process Necessary for Effective Strategic Planning Including the Use and Application of a Constructionist Approach Strategic thinking is critical for one to be able to engage in an effective strategic planning process. There are several actions that a person can undertake to reach it. One needs to try and engage in activiti es, physical or mental, that support and encourage the development of strategic thinking on their part. Individuals are encouraged to try and participate in creative art forms. It also significantly aids an individual if s/he secures the services of a good mentor or coach. The coach can be able to guide them through essential reflective processes involving critical reflection, critical dialogue, and critical inquiry. This should be done until it eventually becomes a habit (Sloan, 2012). The use of Constructivist approach can also aid in ensuring adequate mental processes are carried out before an effective mental planning process is conducted. Constructivism as a theory first came into being during the late 20th Century. The theory is a learning theory that is seen to approach education in such a manner that it tries to highlight the various ways that people attempt to create meaning of the world, having secured the aid of a series of constructs that are individual in nature. These constructs can be described as various different types of filters that people tend to choose and place over their current realities with the aim of changing them from their state of chaos to one of order. To put it simple, it is an effective learning process that enables students to be able to experience learning environments on a first-hand basis thereby causing them to profit from their being granted trustworthy and reliable knowledge (Lambert, 2002). Entrepreneurial Leadership The concept of entrepreneurial leadership is mostly concerned with the structured organization of a given group of people with the aim of causing them to be able to achieve a set common goal. This is mostly achieved by the use of proactive entrepreneurial behavior ensuring that one optimizes the possible risks using innovative solutions to take advantage of any possible opportunities available. A person also needs to take personal

The player Maradona Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The player Maradona - Essay Example Which clubs did Maradona play for in his active football life? What are the awards that Maradona has won in his professional football life? Which clubs has the former football player managed after his retirement from playing football? I used research materials available on the websites as quoted in the reference section of the paper. The research materials describe the football career of Diego Armando Maradona from his youth career until he retired from professional football. The research is confined to the football career of Diego Armando Maradona to both the football career of Diego Armando Maradona both at club level and international career. Several parts of the search bogged me down. One of them is time limitation. The time allocated for this research was not enough that made me, as the researcher, to work under pressure. Moreover, I was faced by the limitation of insufficient materials with reliable information from where I could obtain the data. Several parts of the research p rocess sparked a breakthrough. One of them is that I was able to retrieve information from other sources that are not available on online media such as the books in printed form. Moreover, I was able to obtain information from newspapers available from the libraries that had sections focusing on the football career of the player. ... From the research, I realized that, Diego Armando Maradona began his professional football life at the age of 16 with Argentinos Juniors where he played between 1976 and 1981. At the club, Maradona scored 115 goals for the club in 167 appearances and helped the club win several awards including the league title. After 1981, Maradona was transferred to Boca Juniors football club in Brazil for a fee of 1 million pounds ( Maradona and Weinstein 5). In 1982, Maradona and Boca Juniors Football Club won their first league championship title. An English club, Sheffield United, made a bid for $180,000 for the services of Maradona but the bid was rejected. In 1982 after the World Cup, Maradona was transferred to FC Barcelona for a record fee of $5 million. The club won Copa Del Rey, a Spanish annual national cup competition by beating Real Madrid in the finals, and won the Spanish Super Cup the same year after beating Athletic Bilbao in the finals. Maradona won the respective awards for his e fforts in helping the club win these competitions (Deutsch 5: Cockcroft and Cardona 2). According to Burns, 47, after a series of wrangles at the club, Maradona was transferred to Napoli Football Club for a record fee of $ 6.9 million in 1984. It is at this club that Maradona reached the peak of his career. At the club, Maradona became an adored figure and a fans favorite where he elevated the club to its most successful era in history. He helped the club win the Serie A Italian championship in 1986/87 season as well as the 1989/90 Serie A Italian championship. Moreover, Diego Maradona helped the club to emerge as the first runner up in 1987/88 and 1988/89. Apart from the league, Maradona helped Napoli Football Club to win

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Second Reading report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Second Reading report - Essay Example She held strong beliefs on the need for social service as a calling from the Deity. At this point, I concur with her assertion that every human being is tasked with social responsibility and she puts it in a way that can be explained as God’s delegation to humanity. In addition, interprets the words of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Micah, or Amos as pleas for humanity to enhance justice by denouncing arrogance and iniquity. It is convincing to conclude that Coles achieves his agenda through the call of service to eliminate the rife selfishness by denouncing the culture of narcissism (185). Similar to Coles’ call of service, Mother Teresa utilizes the â€Å"Words to Love† to urge humanity to accept divine intervention to represent Jesus on earth. Her words are convincing and sufficient to grant concurrence. She makes sense by asking humanity to spread the prayer of love. In a broad context, it is through love that individuals can embrace community service. In addition, it is only through having love for neighbors that we can be a representation of Jesus. I concur to the fact that by offering community service and care for others, the love would be as profound as shining Jesus’ light on others through us. John F. Kennedy in the â€Å"Special Message to Congress on the Peace Corps March 1, 1961† deviates from the divine calling aspect of social service to the call of duty aspect. He adopts a global perspective of community service by establishing the Peace Corps. The agency is tasked with providing skilled labor in foreign countries. I hold similar opinions to those represented in the article and concur strongly with J.F. Kennedy’s assertion that the future of freedom lies in the ability for men to live in dignity whereby hunger, poverty, and ignorance become a thing of the past (678). He asserts that economic development entails skilled labor towards the societal demands. The societal demands entail offering to teach in the

Friday, August 23, 2019

Computer Programming Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Programming - Coursework Example The â€Å"implements† keyword is used by a concrete class to indicate that it implements the interface and that each method in the interface is declared with the signature specified in the interface declaration. Note that we use an interface class instead of an abstract class since there is no default implementation to inherit as would be in abstract classes. It is also noteworthy that an interface class must be declared in a file with the same name and a .java file-name extension. Should the user fail to select anything in the special features panel that is reinforced or sealable top, the default is, it is assumed that the container is not reinforced or can’t have a sealable top as appropriate. The user will only enter the exact dimensions of the desired container and that these dimensions will be within the range that the company can make. That is there is no way of checking whether the ordered dimensions can actually be

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay Example for Free

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay Abstract This paper will explain Maslow’s triangle and its application to interpersonal communications. An explanation will be given how the interpersonal communications, based off of Maslow’s triangle, can be used as an interview and interrogation tool. Examples will be provided of a personal experience that directly relates to the vertical progression through Maslow’s triangle. When Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Maslow’s triangle) is understood, it is easier to understand another person and have better more effective interpersonal communication. Maslow’s triangle is a set of needs that must be met and people are self-motivated to fulfil the needs. Maslow’s triangle can be used during interrogation and interview as a means to build trust a rapport. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be divided into two parts, basic needs and growth needs (McLeod, 2014). To elevate to a higher need, the needs at the current level must be satisfied. The basic needs are believed to be self-motivating and the longer they go unmet the greater the desire for them becomes. For instance the longer one goes without sleep then the more tired they become and soon the body will breakdown. The bottom of the triangle is physiological needs. These are the most basic needs for survival such as food, water, breathing, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion. The next level is safety needs which consists of protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear. Love and belongingness needs is the third rung and is comprised of friendship, intimacy, affection and love, from work group, family, friends, and romantic relationships. The final basic need is esteem needs which includes achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, and respect from  others. The top of the triangle, and the growth need, is self-actualization needs, made up of realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, and seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Maslow believed that people have an inborn desire to be self-actualized (Cherry, n.d.). Self-actualization is when a person reaches their full potential. Understanding human needs can be a used persuade people as they are already self-motivated to fulfil their needs. This can be used by both preventing the obtainment of a current need or by providing a current need. In the later one can build rapport with the subject by providing the needs. This can further lead into security or love and belongingness where you as an interrogator or interviewer can be the stability or friendship need that is missing. By filling in the need you can passively be purvey to more information or even take a more aggressive quid pro quo stance. Furthermore you may even give an ultimatum that if the information you seek is not provided then the fulfilled need will be taken back leaving a deficiency. As this relates to my personal experiences and my progression through the hierarchy of needs, I am no different than anyone else and I must have fulfillment of one level before ascending to the next. I have been fortunate enough that air and water have always been present in my life. Sleep is sometimes lacking and can affect my health but on the whole a sufficient amount of sleep is met. Being that the lowest level needs have been generally fulfilled the next level is considered. Safety needs have generally been provided given that safety of employment was sufficient. While employed in the active duty military I had job security providing money that provided safety in resources. Safety in employment allowed the lower level item such as food to always be fulfilled as well as safety of property a need of the second tier. Employment allowed advancement into both the third and fourth levels as I was part of a family both in occupation and able to provide for one at home. I also had friendship within the employment and much respect both from self and others as well as a sense of achievement. This had much to do with the type of occupation being what it was (military). This all fed into a greater self-esteem and then into the top tier of the triangle, growth and self-actualization. The other side to  this is that when I was no longer in the active duty military and I lost the fulfilment of safety of employment I much of the fulfilment of other needs. I lost the steady monetary income and in direct correlation I lost safety of property as I was never sure if I would be able to make my house payment. Being able to provide for my family was always a question and this greatly reduced my self-respect and respect from family and relationship within the family dynamics. I was not sure if I would be able to always meet to need of food. My focus was fulfilling that unmet need, the need for safety of employment. At no time after I had a deficiency in level two of the triangle was I ever considering my self-actualization or full potential let alone even confidence or achievement from the level below that. When Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is understood, it is easier to understand another person and have better more effective interpersonal communication. The needs laid out in Maslow’s triangle can be used during interrogation and interview. They can be used as a means to build trust a rapport and or persuasion and coercion. References (n.d.). Retrieved from wikimedia,org: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs.svg Cherry, K. (n.d.). Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from About Education: http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm McLeod, S. (2014). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from Simply Psychology: http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html Tay, L., Diener, E. (2011). Maslows Hierarchy. Retrieved from Changing Minds: http://changingminds.org/explanations/needs/maslow.htm

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

The relevance of Training and Development’s strategic Essay Example for Free

The relevance of Training and Development’s strategic Essay Introduction One of the most important ingredients for consistently high performing entities is the presence of an excellent human resource management (HRM) system. A board level Human Resource strategy backs the development of the HRM systems in any organization. A good HRM policy helps address the issues of the employees by communicating work, establishing channels for employee views, cater to their needs of self-respect, in turn motivating them, and ensure the provision of mechanisms that help in intellectual / skills advancement. Where HRM constitutes a disjointed and a discriminatory activity or where quality people to manage these systems are not available, it is likely that HRM may fail to deliver according its true potential. Human resources date back to the early agro based-civilizations. The present day human resource notion emerged at the start of the 20th century. While Taylor argued for maximum efficiency disregarding the social element involved, the human relations movement was set up by a group of psychologists and people specialists in 1920. Originating from the USA, this forum negated the Taylor’s theory, which viewed workers as a commodity that lacked psychological needs. (Craig, 1987) The rise of this forum was gradual and steady throughout the last century. There ideas were based on empirical evidence that key ingredients in the success of business entities were human resources, which if led effectively could result in a united force. However, the efficiency focus of Taylor never lost ground and the 1960’s saw a number of highly numerically based methodologies trying to negate the human resource concept. However, human resources are globally recognized as an essential element within an organization. What is Human Resource? In the modern era, entities use the words â€Å"human resources† to highlight the clerical support activities of the personnel section mixed with coherent tasks including futuristic planning, setting targets, monitoring and control and worker relationship management. The terminology has its roots in Industrial/Organizational Psychology. (Richard and Elwood 2001) What is a human resource depends on the perspective in which we speak about it. While classical economics classes it as a factors of production, modern day usage refers to the workers in the entity in general and in particular the specific set of people who deal with workers, from joining to leaving. In very broad terms, human resources prioritize the achievement of the highest return from funds spent on the workers while at the same time reduce any adverse circumstances that may harm the entity in monetary terms. Ethics, professional conduct and sustainability of the two are paramount for human resource managers. Human resource management involves the following activities: Long term planning with regard to hiring of human capital. The recruitment process Enrollment Procedures Instruction and skills improvement. Assessing achievements. Career advancement Dealing with labor turnover and resultant issues. Worker Relationship Management Worker Data Management. Remuneration and other matters related to monetary aspects. Counseling and/or consultancy to aid workers in overcoming problems at work. Human Resource Development Employers don’t want to hire workers that do not suit the criteria for the job. Thus, it is essential that human resource managers are able to match the expectations of the entity with the relevant applicant. Worker hiring is dependent on both interior and exterior reasons. While the exterior portion deals with the environment in which the entity operates and considers macroeconomic issues and thus lacks control over them, the interior portion deals with controllable mechanisms like the culture and/or the hierarchy of the entity itself. The combination of instruction, structural and intellectual advancement endeavors is called Human Resource Development (HRD). The idea is to raise efficiency at every level of the entity. HRD uses organized study mechanisms that aid in the creation of required skills and tools that help workers to carry out their tasks effectively. Another important mechanism utilized is teams that help introduce and supervise new techniques and structures. Usually, HRD activities comprise monitoring of career advancement, instruction, training in the field of sales, marketing and client relationships to ensure good code of conduct and professional behavior, providing support to freshly hired workers through a basic organization 101 course of study and creating awareness amongst employees with regard to health and safety hazards. Strategic Human Resource Management Strategy is long term planning and thus strategic human resource management refers to the future aspirations and plans of the firm with regard to human capital. It takes a macro economic view of the firm’s objectives and the required human capital to help them achieve them, paying specific regard to the values, norms and culture of the firm itself. SHRM includes all those efforts on behalf of the management that employ a course of action for the gradual recruitment and continued professional development of human capital and the use psychology to align worker interests with strategic objectives. (James, 2005) However, sadly the distinction between human resource management and human resource development is not so clear cut. While the argument is that management and development of human resources are two distinct activities and should be kept separate, with HRD being outsourced, many organizations today have human resource departments that deal with the administrative traditional functions as well as attending to continued professional development. Integration of HRD into the HRM Programs Strategic planning is concerned with attaining and sustaining a long standing competitive lead on the competitors of the firm. HRD is an important tool in this respect as it helps in the creation and nourishment of the required skills that help in the achievement of strategic objectives. HRD may be described as bringing out the best out of every worker through systematic instruction and continued professional development and thus creating synergies at every level of the entity strata. Through the years, HRD has been known to target training and instruction, structural education and career advancement. While these are essential ingredients to success as far as human resource management goes, other tools are also equally necessary. In the modern business environment, a well rounded set of professional techniques are necessary for effective HRM. However, HRD instruction and professional development play an important role towards the achievement of the entitys strategic vision. Training and Development At all levels of human resource management and development, the importance of training and development cannot be ruled out. Specialists educated in the field of training and developments are necessary to carry out programs dealing with instructions and professional development for workers. (Beeby and Rathborn, 1983) The attitude of management towards training has been changing over the years. Today training is viewed as an important and effective mechanism which helps in raising the quality of the workforce and brings economies in the use of skills. This helps in the achievement of the entitys strategic objectives. Training is seen as a service to the worker. However, since it reaps benefits for the entity itself, its importance as a strategic tool cannot be discarded. The development of a business or a commercial organization is related to the training and development (T D). The design and the outcome of the trainings performed at an institution amends and meliorates the performance of the company. After hiring of employees at an organization, the next prominent and presumptive step is the training and development of the team to polish their skills and break the ice among them to co-ordinate. It is axiomatic that some of the new hired employees are not going to be experienced with the work so they would need extraordinary training to bring their guts out so, they can act and work efficiently   in the new environment. Numerous organizations held contrary trainings and development programs according to their forthcoming resources and necessities. On the opposite side the most important fact is that the training and development programs helps to forefend the managerial obsolescence. Organizational troubles either macro or micro can be solved by these trainings. These programs play a vital role in bringing off the changes in organizational structure caused by merges, amalgamations, enormous growth, imbibing and off shoring. Employee Training and Development: Reasons and Benefits Being viable is the solution to keep going. Training and developing the employees, keeping them motivated to propel and advance further and updated with the industry and the upcoming and present technologies is essential to achieve the plans and goals. Training is any activity where expertise and amateurism is brought together and spheres of skills and expertise flow from the expert to the untrained workers. On the other hand, a multi pronged strategy for pushing the overall level of the entitys performance to another level or milestone is referred to as development. Typical Reasons for Employee Training and Development Usually, entities engage in training and development in order to bridge the gap between actual work and expectations as identified by performance appraisals. Other reasons may include developing an internal benchmark for desired performance levels, continued professional development, to mitigate succession risk, to serve as a tool for testing performance management or to provide valuable operating instructions with regard to a business activity.    Typical Topics of Employee Training Usually, employees require training with respect to certain key areas. These include Communications (to overcome linguistic barriers), Computer skills (for effectively managing office tasks, Customer service ( to help employees understand the needs of the client and figure out ways to solve them), Diversity ( to encourage the acceptance of varying ideas and/or values), Ethics ( to ensure the highest possible code of conduct) Human relations ( to encourage a better perspective with regard to coping with work pressures), Quality initiatives ( To provide guidance on ideal standards for products, processes and procedures), Safety ( to guide on the measures to be taken to help prevent work and product hazards) and Sexual harassment (to ensure responsive, modest behavior). (Beeby and Rathborn, 1983) General Benefits from Employee Training and Development    Benefits of training are numerous. Various sources (as cited at the end of this paper) provide diverse views as to the advantages workers derive from this activity. From the organizations perspective, employees find greater job satisfaction, higher motivation, higher acceptability of change and creativity. This would result in mitigating reputation risk, result in monetary gains for the firm as a result of higher efficiency and present a better image of the entity for the outside world.    Role of Training and Development in SHRM    The entity needs to mold its core business activities with its expectations from human capital and thus bring about an integrated plan of its training requirements. Delegation and empowerment at lower levels is one way to achieve an overall increase in performance levels. Thus, a highly qualified and empowered unit of individuals catering to the training needs of the whole entity is a must for SHRM. The HRM department caters to three levels of strata and / or spheres; the ordinary worker, the entity and the career. While the focus on workers is to lend an ear, hear their problems and at the same time advise/aid them in overcoming their problems, entity level activities include aligning human capital with overall business strategies in order to achieve an overall improvement in the bottom line. The tool employed here is mainly a mechanism which helps in the acceptance of change due to interior and exterior environmental changes. Career development is a matching strategy which helps in delegating that work to the workers that best utilizes their true potential. The HR department also caters to training and development. Analyzing and highlighting areas for improvement and coming up with appropriate structured training programs for eradicating these shortcomings is an important role that HR plays in the entity. Orientation and education programs are examples of the types of training mechanisms that might be employed by HR. Gubman writes After getting the right talent into the organization, the second traditional challenge to human resources is to align the workforce with the business—to constantly build the capacity of the workforce to execute the business plan.(Gubman, 1996) Expanding on his statement, a rigorous system of monitoring, assessing and control procedures help in the formulation of effective strategies to harmonize human capital with overall corporate strategy. Another step would be the use of monetary aspects to align personal interests with overall corporate objectives. Overall, this would helps in achieving set objectives while at the same time reducing the risk and the cost of non compliance with ethical and legal standards. With authority flows responsibility and the HR department is accountable if it fails to deliver quality structured mechanisms for training, like educational programs. The responsibility is not just to deliver but also to effectively execute these programs. Understanding the inherent intellectual abilities of the workforce and the suitability of a particular training program for the entity are essential knowledge for the HRM professional. â€Å"The quality of employees and their development through training and education are major factors in determining long-term profitability of a small business†¦. Research has shown specific benefits that a small business receives from training and developing its workers, including: increased productivity; reduced employee turnover; increased efficiency resulting in financial gains; [and] decreased need for supervision. say Roberts, Seldon, and Roberts in their book titled human Resources Management. (Robert et al, 1996) Businesses provide training to workers in different spheres of business activity. These include policy assurance, relationship management with stake holders and effective management.   Training is either on-the-job or off-the-job. Where workers are required to learn through experience in real life situations, the training is said to be on-the-job. Within on-the-job training there are a variety of tools at the disposal of the training manager. These include instruction, coaching and job rotation. The use of artificial work situations and focus on theoretical aspects is referred to as Off-the-job training. Classroom lectures, artificial scenarios involving experiments, testing and role play are examples of off-the-job training methods. The advantage thus follow as a result of higher productivity, cost savings due to lower monitoring requirements, mitigate the risk of occupational hazards and contributes to overall tranquility in the work place. As career advancement takes place gradually, entities should also develop mechanisms to help mitigate the risk of running out of effective and experienced managers by constantly focusing on management development procedures. These procedures are a set of integrated processes that help in the nourishment of managerial skills in the workers of today. This technique is itself divided into two branches; on-the-job development, and off-the-job development. Coaching, job rotation, under study assignments and multiple management are examples of on the job development procedures. On the other hand, the use of artificial scenarios, theoretical training through conferences, seminars and lectures are the examples of off-the-job development procedures. Note that these programs are dynamic and their effectiveness would be reviewed constantly to ensure the best possible output. Career development, monitoring and control of performance, remuneration and training are by far the key areas for any HR department. However, unfortunately, career development is not given due importance. This is because it is seen in individualistic terms, thus failing to recognize that by focusing on this area, firms can ensure a readily available set of quality skills while at the same time tend to the self actualization needs of the employee.   Arguments also tend to explain the relationship of career development with the establishment of worker networks outside the formalities of the corporate world and thus ensure out reach to potential resources via these informal channels (Edstrà ¶m Galbraith, 1977). Active team exercises are an example of HRD being aligned with SHRM. Through the use of this method of training, firms can develop their staff to actively cope with, understand and solve problems that result from being part of a community. Moreover, with the advent of technology, HRD professionals today have access to more innovative tools for dynamic training and development of employees; these include, for instance, the â€Å"color blind† game. It is an exercise that presents a particular problem and helps highlight the barriers which exist in simulated/virtual team structures with respect to communication and consensus. (Mager, 2005.) Other such processes and experiments are also available to highlight potential problems in the group dynamics of the corporate entities. Thus, paying higher attention to these problems by actively applying a wide variety of tools could help in the removal of barriers to business success, improve the bottom line and at the same time tend to the self actualization needs of the employees. Moreover, a coherent strategy in this regard would contribute to overall objectives. Transfer of Training Transfer of training is a phenomenon of persistent application of the learned behavior by the trainees in the training process to their job. This learned behavior comprises of knowledge, skills, cognitive and creative strategies. The generalization of training and the maintenance of learned skills form an important component of transfer of training. Generalization is the trainee’s potential to utilize all the skills and knowledge (verbal knowledge and motor skills) on the work related problems and situations which are somewhat similar but not completely identical to the problems and situations encountered during training. Maintenance of the learned skills is to incessantly bring into play all the newly acquired capabilities. There are several factors contributing in the whole process such as training design, trainee characteristics and work environment. Training design, as the name suggests refers to the physical characteristics of the learning environment as well as the sources utilized to train the trainee. Another ingredient, which along with training design, influences learning trainee characteristics i.e. the attitude of the training participants. Last but not the least; work environment plays a highly crucial role in determining the learning, retention and transfer of training. The execution of whatever the trainee has grasped during his training depends largely on the manager’s support, peer support, technology support and the conducive climate for transfer of training. (Carolyn, 2003) Several aspects have been recognized that manipulate the degree to which understanding gained from the training program transfers to the work. These includes factors such as, the environment at work; the qualities of the learner, etc. It has been seen that an important factor manipulating the transfer process is the degree to which the learner is given the chance of practice and provided with productive opinions from the trainer. Training on One-to-one basis can endow the trainee with this opportunity. Monitoring the employees once they get back to the work can smooth the progress of the transfer of training, particularly if the training promotes the progress and use of comprehension passed on during coaching. For transferring the training, the element of self management should also be taken into account since the trainee can be confronted with various obstacles in the work place which can thus impede the process of transfer. Other than the trainee’s ability, some outside forces also come into place. These forces may include disobliging the management and peers, time pressure, curtailment and cost cutting prevalent in many companies. These impediments make pose negative effects on the transfer weight of learned capabilities. Thus not only the learner’s own positive attitude but also the management cooperation is greatly demanded. With the ever increasing global competition, organizations are giving considerable importance to training and transfer of training. Many companies are now recognizing the value of human, social and structural knowledge in order to bring the maximum out of trainees. (Mary, 2005) Conclusion Humans are different from projects, financial matters and business activities, and thus human resource management has a unique role in the management of human capital and its needs for training and development. Human capital forms the back bone of any organization and thus the importance of a separate dedicated function to manage them is not deniable. Failure to effectively manage human capital is an indication of corporate failure itself and must be predicted, verified and rectified. There are essentially three types of resources: Physical – machinery and stock Financial – Monetary resources in any form Human – Capital to convert the other resources into profitable assets. It is essential to have a coherent and proactive human resource development function in any organizations as they help you fulfill the provision of a healthy, vibrant, ethical and intellectual human capital which uses the other resources available in the best possible manner and thus helps in the achievement of corporate objectives and goals. Human resource development needs to be part of the overall corporate strategy (SHRM) as the long term growth prospects of any company are dependent upon the quality of its labor, which can be greatly enhanced through the use of training and development. References Gubman, L. Edward.1996. The Gauntlet is down. Journal of Business Strategy.17 (6). 33-36 Roberts, G, Gary, S, and Carlotta, R. 1996. Human Resources Management. Washington, D.C.: Small Business Administration Edstrà ¶m, A. Galbraith, J. R. 1977. ‘Transfer of Managers as a Coordination and Control Strategy in Multinational Organizations’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 248-263. Beeby, J.M., and Rathborn, S. 1983. Development Training Using the Outdoors in Management Development Management Education and Development 14 3, 170-181. Craig, Robert L. 1987. A Guide to Human Resource Development, 3rd Ed. New York, New York. McGraw-Hill. OConnor, J Seymour, J. 1994. Training with NLP: Skills for Managers, Trainers, and Communicators. London, England: Thorsons. Mager, Robert. 2005. HRD Training and Development. New York: Jaico Publishing. House. Laird, Dugan. 2003. Approaches to Training and Development (3rd Edition). Irvine, CA: Perseus Publishing  . Wilson, John P. 2005. Human Resource Development: Learning and Training for Individuals and Organizations. Chicago, IL: Kogan Page. Kirkpatrick, D. 1983. A Practical Guide for Supervisory Training and Development (2nd ed.) Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Gilley, J.W. Eggland, S.A. 1989 Principles of Human Resource Development. Addison-Wesley, NY. Johansen, K., Kusy, M., Jr., Rouda, R. 1996. The Business Focus of HRD Leaders: a picture of current practice. Minneapolis: Academy of Human Resource Development. Richard S.A. and Elwood H.F. III. 2001. Foundations of Human Resource Development. New York: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Laurie, B and Darlene, R. 1997. What Works: Training and Development Practices. Washington, DC: American Society for Training Development Neal, C and Carnie Ives, L. 1982. Up the HRD Ladder: A Guide to Professional Growth. New York: Addison-Wesley Pub. Ronald R. S. 1998. Reinventing Training and Development. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Jon M.W. and Randy L.D. 2005. Human Resource Development. United States: South-Western College Pub Richard A.S. and Elwood F.H III. 2001. Foundations of Human Resource Development. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Juani, S., Clare, M., Steve, B., and Alan, P. 2005. Human Resource Development: Strategy and tactics. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. James, G. 2005. Strategic Human Resource Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd Carolyn, N. 2003. How to Manage Training: A Guide to Design and Delivery for High Performance. Miami, FL: AMACOM. Mary, B.L. 2005. Beyond Transfer Of Training: Engaging Systems To Improve Performance. Houston, TX. Addison-Wesley.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Donoghue v Stevenson Analysis

Donoghue v Stevenson Analysis Introduction The case of Donoghue v Stevenson is arguably one of the most famous cases in the common law system and definitely one of the most important in the history of the development of the tort law. The revolutionary significance of the decision in this case is in the establishment of a standardised duty of care in negligence cases. Indeed, over the years after the precedent was set the courts have progressively shifted from the ascertaining a specific duty of care for each kind of situations, to the approach that assumes the existence of the general duty of care as it was established in Donoghue v Stevenson, and in particular Lord Atkins famous neighbour principle.[1] This essay is going to discuss the relevance of the principles established in this case in the modern tort law. The essay will start with the discussion of the established precedent, then moving to the development of the neighbour principle in the subsequent case law and its application today. The importance of the decision of the case In fact, the case established several important principles. They are: the recognition of the negligence as a distinct tort, the recognition of liability in situations, where there is no contractual relationship between the defendant and the claimant, the establishment of a duty of care owned by manufacturers to the ultimate consumers and the neighbour principle. [2] Nevertheless, Lord Atkins neighbour principle is the most well-known part of the decision of the case, despite the fact that according to the official sources it was never a part of the ratio of the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson.[3] Lord Atkins approach was recognised for the first time Word count: 1391 in the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller[4], and later in the Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd Lord Reid stated that the decision in the case of Donoghue should be treated as a precedent and that that it ought to apply unless there is some justification or valid explanation for its exclusion.[5] The idea behind this was to unify the previous cases and to make the decisions in the future cases more predictable. Thus, the neighbour principle established two concepts foreseeability and proximity. These two key concepts triggered the development of tort law in the 20th century. The development of the established concepts The principle established in Donoghue v Stevenson was seen as an important milestone in the history of tort law as it was the first successful attempt to set out a general principle with respect to the concept of the duty of care. However, later the courts started to acknowledge that the neighbour principle was too simplistic and limited in scope. Therefore, the evolution of the tort of negligence since the snail in the bottle case has been a search for control mechanisms that can limit the scope of the duty concept. So, within the case law on duty of care there has been a shift from a general concept of duty formulated in the neighbour principle to more specific criteria. Indeed, in Anns v Merton London Borough Council, the House of Lords decided to modify the test for the establishment of a duty of care by imposing policy considerations to limit the imposition of a duty of care.[6] The test formulated in Anns was that the defendant owed the claimant to take reasonable care, as long as it was reasonably foreseeable that a failure of doing so would result in damage to the claimant, unless there was some policy reason that limited the scope of the duty or the class of people to whom it was owed or the damages to which a breach of the duty may Word count: 1391 give rise. [7]The first part of the test clearly corresponds to the Lord Atkins test, but the second part was created to restrict claims. The main criticism of this test was that it could lead to an expansion of the situations in which a duty of care could arise. Therefore, in 1990 the Anns test was rejected in the case of Murphy v Brentwood District Council.[8] As the test set in Anns was not sufficient enough, and it was replaced with the test for a duty of care set in Caparo Industries v Dickman. [9] The Caparo test narrowed the test set in Anns by implementing an additional stage to the test. The Caparo test consists of requirements of reasonably foreseeable harm, a relationship of proximityaand that for the imposition of a duty to be fair just and reasonable. The first two stages of Caparo test were based on judgement in Anns, which corresponds back to Lord Atkins neighbourhood principle and the fair, just and reasonable requirement relates to same public policy considerations as the second stage of the Anns test. However, an essential difference between Caparo and Anns is that Caparo test emphasised the incremental and by analogy approach in order to prevent massive extensions of the duty of care concept, meaning that there must be an analogous situation in the previous case law in order to justify the extension of the duty of care in novel situations.[10] By accepting the incremental and by analogy approach the courts rejected the broad formulations from the previous case law and constrained the precedent set in Donoghue v Stevenson to cases concerned with physical damage. [11] Word count: 1391 So, from one point of view, it can be said that the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson created a basis for the establishment of the test in Caparo as first two requirements are clearly taken from the neighbour test. However, some critics say that the intention of judges in Caparo was to change the neighbour principle in entirety. Indeed, in the modern times the incremental approach developed in Caparo suggests that the claimant can only sue the defendant for the breach of the duty of care only in situations where the existence of the duty is established. This seems to contradict the aim of Lord Atkins biblical principle. [12] As has been recognised in Anns and Caparo, the approach taken by the judges in Donoghue v Stevenson is too simple, especially in the modern times, where the law of negligence has become even more complicated than it used to be. Nowadays the courts use different approaches for different situations, for example the approach for the establishment of duty of care for psychiatric injuries is not the same as for physical injuries. Indeed, according to Heuston other considerations beyond foreseeability and proximity begin to acquire greater significance and the principles established in Donoghue are applicable only to relatively straightforward cases, but not to the liability for non-physical injuries, or for omissions, or for the conduct of third parties.[13] However, it can be said that the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson formed a foundation for the development of all the aforementioned areas of tort law. Conclusion To conclude, some scholars express the view that the importance of the case of Donoghue v Stevenson was overrated both by its supporters and critics.[14] However, in my opinion, even though the importance of the decision of this case nowadays is reduced, the case has a lasting effect, the significance of which lies not only in the established principles, but in the ideas that changed the law of tort forever, and in particular the law of negligence. Bibliography Cases Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1963] 2 All ER Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] AC 1004 Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1977] UKHL 4 Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2 Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 Articles J.C. Smith, Peter Burns, Donoghue v. Stevenson: The Not so Golden Anniversary [1983], MLR 1 R.F.V. Heuston, Donoghue v Stevenson in Retrospect, [1957], MLR 20(1) Gavin Murphy, The snail and the ginger beer: the singular case of Donoghue v Stevenson [2011], CLB 37(1) Keith Patten, Snail trail, (New Law Journal, 11 May 2012) assessed 22 November 2016 Z0973311 Word count: 1391 Jessica Randell, Duty of Care Haunting Past, Uncertain Future (2014) North East Law Review 2 (2) Books Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston, Basil Markesinis, Markesinis and Deakins Tort Law (7th edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2012) Horsey K., Rackley E., Tort Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2013) [1] J. C. Smith and Peter Burns, Donoghue v. Stevenson-The Not So Golden Anniversary (1983) 46 (2) MLR 1 [2] R. F. V. Heuston, Donoghue v. Stevenson in Retrospect (1957) 20(1) MLR [3] Keith Patten, Snail trail, (New Law Journal, 11 May 2012) assessed 22 November 2016 [4] Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1963] 2 All ER [5] Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd Lord Reid [1970] AC 1004 [6] Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1977] UKHL 4 [7] Kirsty Horsey, Erika Rackley, Tort Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2013) [8] Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2 [9]Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 [10] Jessica Randell, Duty of Care Haunting Past, Uncertain Future (2014) North East Law Review 2 (2) [11] Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston and Basil Markensinis, Markesinis and Deakins Tort Law (7th edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2012) [12] Patten(n 3) [13] Heuston (n 2) [14] Gavin Murphy, The snail and the ginger beer: the singular case of Donoghue v Stevenson [2011], CLB 37(1)

Monday, August 19, 2019

Psychology of State-Sponsored Violence Essay -- Human Rights

Psychology of State-Sponsored Violence State-sponsored violence has led to some of the most horrendous human right crimes such as genocide and torture. These crimes are often under the constant fire of debate as scholars try to reason as to why they occur. However, the debates of genocide and torture are not exclusively attributed to the fact that they occur, but also, as to why people participate in these acts to begin with. Contrary to popular belief the majority of participants in state-sponsored violence are often not radical extremists, but rather, ordinary people. In instances, such as the genocide in Rwanda, participants were average everyday people, often neighbors of the victims, who carried out many of the killings. Also, in cases of torture the soldiers who perform the acts are referred to as â€Å"ordinary Joes†. If it is the case that ordinary and regular people are involved in state-sponsored violence, why do they participate in the first place and what are the continuing effects they have because of their participation? In order to answer these pressing questions one must examine the sociological and psychological factors that guided people’s actions. There are different psychological features that come into play such as individual thought and how it is affected by group dynamics and authority. Moreover, the psychological features are further expanded when coupled with sociological attributions which animate the reasons behind participation in state-sponsored violence. In certain state-sponsored violence, like torture, the â€Å"average Joe† is sought after as opposed to a rebel for the reason that an â€Å"average Joe† can ]easily be psychologically developed to be a torturer. The psychological transformation involves a restr... ...s that come into play are sense of impunity, perception of authority figures, and group dynamics. These psychological factors along with sociological perceptions in deviance illustrate the complex environment that is present when an ordinary individual decides to participate in state-sponsored violence. Works Cited Asch, S. E., (1951) Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. Brehm, S. S. & Kassin, S. M. (1993) Social Psychology, p.399 (2nd ed.). Boston: HughtonMifflin. Fujii, Lee Ann. Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda. Cornell University Press, 2009. 45-75;154-179. Print. Hatzfeld, Jean. Machete season: the killers in Rwanda speak : a report. Farrar Straus & Giroux, 2005. 45-75; 154-79. Print. Schulz, William. "Torture." Human Rishts: Politics and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2009. Print.

Technology, Population, and the Impact of Ancient Humans on the Environ

Technology, Population, and the Impact of Ancient Humans on the Environment In recent years, humans have become increasingly concerned with their effect on the planet and its ecosystems. In the popular view, these problems are new and unprecedented in human history. While it is probably true that our impact on the environment on a global scale has never been as great, the difference is simply the scale on which our actions are being taken. Situations that previously were local or regional in scope have now become global, owing to the increasingly sophisticated technologies that we have developed and our ever-increasing population. As an examination of the impact of ancient humans on the environment illustrates, however, the current impact fits into the general pattern that the degree to which humans influence their environment is determined by their concentration and the sophistication of their technology. Contrary to the popular view which sees ancient humans as either benignly living with their environments (see Note 1 below) or as leading miserable short lives during which they were at the mercy of those environments, archeology tells us that humans have been interacting with and affecting their environments since the beginning. As Neil Roberts comments, humans' impact on landscapes began "even before†¦landscapes had become recognizably modern." (Note 2). My purpose in this paper is to illustrate some of the ways ancient humans, using a variety of technologies, altered the environments they lived in. Before I begin, however, I would like to emphasize that discussing human "impact" on the environment implies human action was detrimental to the environment. In this paper, I shall define "impact" as any change in the lands... ...ng paragraphs come from the author's lecture notes as described in note 7 above, as well as Ellen, R. "Modes of subsistence: hunting and gathering to agriculture and pastoralism," in The Companion Encyclopedia to Anthropology, ed T. Ingold, New York: Routledge, 1994.; and Price, T.D. and J.A. Brown. "Aspects of Hunter-Gatherer Complexity," in Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, T. Price and J. Brown, eds. San Diego: Academic Press, 1985. 9. Other populations such as mammoth hunters of the Central European Plain dealt with these pressures by shifting to specialized economies based on the extensive use of a few species. 10. The opposite is k-selected species such as mammoth, who produce fewer offspring, but give these offspring more care in order to give each offspring a higher chance of survival. Earlier subsistence patterns had tended to focus on k-selected species.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Superstition :: essays research papers

Writing on the wall   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Superstitions exist everywhere in the world. Every country on the planet has its own local superstitions. Each country also has its own variations on common superstitions. Some of the most common superstitions have to do with cats, alcohol, and death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cats have been domesticated longer than any other animal. Humans have even worshiped them; therefore, it makes sense that there are innumerable superstitions worldwide involving them. In the United States, there is a belief that if a black cat crosses your path, you will have bad luck. In Germany, whomever harms or kills a cat shall meet with great misfortune. In France, there is a superstition that it is bad luck to cross a stream carrying a cat. In the Ukraine, it is believed that if you give a cat gin before sundown you will have much misfortune.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol is considered to be the bane of society by many people worldwide. Having existed for thousands of years, alcohol has many superstitions associated with it. In the Czeck republic, it is considered bad luck to serve alcohol on Christmas. In the US, it is considered bad luck to not serve alcohol on Christmas. In Germany, it is believed to be good luck to drink three or more drinks with the groom immediately before the wedding. In Poland, they believe that if one consumes alcohol before noon, one will die young.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death is the one thing feared most by humans. They attempt to justify death by creating superstitions. Many of these superstitions have to do with agriculture. In China, it is believed that when a farmer’s child dies on a harvest moon, there will be an excellent crop the next year much like in â€Å"The Lottery†; death leads to a good harvest.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed

Produce a detailed and linguistically well- informed analysis of the editor's letter from Elle magazine (July 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation By harpur91 Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed analysis of the editor's letter from Elle magazine Ouly 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation What I am going to look like, in relevance to the above question, is the process of synthetic personalisation in the magazine, ELLE (July 2012).I am therefore going to nclude work produced by Norman Fairclough and his ideas on this process, but also including lexical features, conversationalisation; in which can be spilt up into numerous features combined under this discourse. Firstly, however, I am going to have to understand the terms In order to produce a detailed and linguistically well- Informed analysis of the editors letter from said magazine. The first area I am going to focus on is Synthetic personalisation'.F airclough defined this concept as being â€Å"a compensatory tendency to give the impression of treating each of the people handled' en masse as an individual† (Fairclough 2001 :52) this therefore it begins to become a process of addressing the mass audience, whilst speaking to them as they were Individuals. Thus, showing off an element of conversationalisatlon, not only that, but It begins to show Ideas of Informality with the language used throughout articles etc___ However when looking deeper into the Issue. we begin to see that this is only a cover-up, an attempt to give the impression that they are speaking on an informal, one-to-one basis.This therefore shows elements of manipulation; giving us, as the udience a false sense of intimacy, or fake intimacy (Hoggart 1957) with the writer. Furthermore this begins to signify the phoney sense of belonging we have with the text given, we are not seen as being an individual but as a collective group of people. Falrclough would t herefore describe and label the concepts spoken above as conversationallsation. As we begin to progress, we begin to see a clear difference In both private and public outputs. â€Å"People do not expect to be spoken down to, lectured or got at'.They expect to be spoken to in a familiar, friendly and informal anner as they were equals on the the same footing as the speaker† (Scannell, 1996:24) not only does this relate to radio and television, but it could be incorporated into the magazine and Journalist Industry. People reading Journalistic products such as ELLE magazine; expect to be treated In a certain way, a way In which Is Informal, conversational In order to gain that Illusion of Individualisation, rather than them addressing the audience as a whole.Conversationalisation is a â€Å"term used by Fairclough (1994:260) who describes it as ‘a restructuring of the boundary between ublic and private orders of discourse' Fairclough also notes that it involves the use of language that is normally associated with conversation† (Baker 2011 :22) because of tnls, we can Degln to see tnls development Detween tne relatlonsnlp 0T tne speaker and reader therefore creating this emotional connection, rather than it Just being informational.Furthermore â€Å"it could be argued that in capitalist societies, conversationalisation is often used as a way of securing customer loyalty by helping them create the appearance of a personal relationship† (Baker 2011 :23) this therefore inks back to the idea that companies/ in this case ELLE magazine writers have the ability to address a mass audience, but making them feel like they are being spoken to individually. And when it builds this relationship with the reader, they are able to exploit them through subtle, inclusive language.The editor's letter from ELLE magazine, shows off similar ideas of this informality of conversationalisation, we as the audience, when reading this text, may see it as being some thing you would sit amongst friends and chat about, thus giving that informal conversation (e. . â€Å"l wanted to pick the star of the show, the person you all want to date – sorry I mean meet) this shows that Joke like attitude women may converse in when with their girlfriends. Thus showing, in essence a form of popular opinion, allowing the readers to feel some sort of connection.Not only this, but specific language used throughout texts of this nature, i. e. fashion magazines, show a clear representation of that conversation amongst friends. And like said previously, the writer begins to address you as an individual, rather than a collective group. This therefore is a clear representation of language; that they are being supportive friends therefore helping another friend out in need. Lexical features are also used throughout this text in order to reinforce the idea of the writer personally addressing their ideas to an individual.For example, pronouns such as; l, you and we are used throughout this text, to make the reader feel connected to this historical fashion debut. An example of this would be; â€Å"this is the first time in ELLE's 27-year history we have put a man on the cover. I didn't take the decision lightly- after all, this is a LUXARY fashion magazine for women† not only is it addressing all women, whom have some sort of interest in fashion, but it begins to show off an element that, you as the reader had some sort of insight in picking and being a part of this event.Not only this, but the editor begins to apologise to those, whom thought R-Patz (Robert Pattinson) would grace their historical cover. â€Å"l feel I have to apologise to the R-Patz fans who hoped our first-ever cover man would be him (and told me repeatedly on Facebook and Twitter! ) Again, with the synthetic personalisation aspect, we begin to see that there is a clear formality of the writer-reader element. The fact they apologised, signifies the element of inti macy, thus allowing those to thought he would grace the cover, some clarification into why they chose David Beckham instead.When analysing the editor's letter in more detail, we begin to see the use of pronouns and how the language and context it is used in conforms to the idea of togetherness. The pronoun; we, is used during the letter, this therefore shows the representation of a hared identity of the audience, not only that but it becomes clear that the language used is in a specific way in which creates the idea of a togetherness for the audience, that they feel a part of this.The pronouns used do not Just simply and directly conform to the friendly stereotype between writer-reader but, they are also used in terms of exclusively, where there used amongst the editorial team therefore contributes to† setting up the producer as a team; the anonymous group voice is a Trlen01y gossip In tne orlentatlon Deneatn tn 5/6) tnls tnereTore hows that the editorial team act like a famil y, in which create the illusion of a wider- social informal friend-like association between writer-reader.For example â€Å"l knew I had made the right decision as I noted the giddiness among the editorial team before the shoot† this shows the clear representation of the pronouns used in order create the family-like background for the reader, it signifies a family into which collectively decides on what is right. And because of this, we as the audience/reader feel like this is addressing us on a personal/individual level. Not only does language ncorporate the idea of directly addressing an individual rather than a collective group, but the use of parenthesis can also create the idea of a quiet word between friends, therefore backing up this element.Within the editor's letter from ELLE â€Å"we have done two covers for the newsstand issue (so you can go out and buy the alternative, too) and a very SPECIAL illustrated collectors' cover for our loyal and much-valued subscribers (weVe also made a video for your eyes only, subscribers† with this, it represents ideas that if you are a loyal subscriber you can get extra ontent etc.. which therefore could symbolise ideas of your much closer friends. Therefore you are able to talk more and gain a more insightful understanding of the content. However this could be represented in a completely different light.The fact that this may mean the exploitation of individuals, in which creating the idea that you can get more from this issue if you become a subscriber, therefore reinforces the capitalist society. Overall when looking at what has been said, I can conclude that synthetic personalisation has played a massive part in the print industry, focusing ore on the fashion magazine ELLE, the fact we are able to see and understand the linguistic features used in order to create this illusion of a friendship connection between writer and reader and how, they have used their power in order to manipulate the audience .And because of this, the audience finds it more helpful knowing that they have some sort of â€Å"friend† to lend a helping hand. Not only that, but because the private and public have started to merge, we are seeing elements of public events being used for private consumption. But people are able to interpret hings different when there in private, than they could if they were in public.But overall, there are so many elements in ELLE magazine which represent the linguistic attributes in exploiting an audience through language and grammer.

Friday, August 16, 2019

How the Visual Media Affect People

In modern society, media Is everywhere, and It Is almost Impossible to avoid. The mass media have become such an ordinary, everyday part of society that many people fail to realize the immense impact which the mass media have on all aspects of society – including political, economic, and ideological aspects. The mass media influence the way we vote, the things we buy, the way we act, the values we hold, and the way we perceive reality. The media can be very helpful to people and their children who carefully choose he movies and shows that they watch.With high-quality programming in various fields of study-?science, medicine, nature, history, the arts, and so on-?TV and videotapes increase the. Knowledge of the average and the well-educated person; they can also improve thinking ability. Moreover, television benefits elderly people who cannot go out often, as well as patients in hospitals and residents of nursing faceless. Additionally, It offers language learners the advantage of ‘real-life' audiovisual Instruction and aural comprehension practice at any time of day or night.And of course, television and video can provide almost everyone with good entertainment-?pleasant ways to relax and spend free time at home. Nevertheless, there are several serious disadvantages to the visual media. First of all, some people watch the tube' for more hours In a day than they do anything else. In a large number of homes, TV sets-?as many as five or more In a single household – are always on. Instead of spending time taking care of their kids, parents often use the tube as an ‘electronic baby sitter. As a result, television and video can easily place family communication as well as physical activity and other interests. Secondly, too much TV-?especially programming of low educational value-?can reduce people's ability to concentrate or reason. In fact, studies show that after only a 20. Minute minutes or two of visual media, a person's mind ‘rel axes' as It does during light sleep. Another possible effect of television and videotapes on the human brain is poor communication. Children who watch a lot of TV may lose their ability to focus on a subject or an educational activity for more than ten to fifteen 24. Mute minutes. Maybe it is because of the visual media that some kids-?and adults too-? develop attention deficit disorder ADD, a modern condition in which people are unable to pay attention, listen well, follow Instructions, or remember everyday things. A third negative feature of the media is the amount of violence or horror on the screen-?both in real events in the news and movies or TV programs. It scares people and gives them terrible nightmares; the fear created by media images and language can last for a long time.On the other hand, frequent viewers of ‘action programming' unusual about violent crime, fight, killing, and other terrible events and behavior. Studies show that certain personality types are like ly to have strong emotional reactions or dangerous thoughts after some kinds of ‘entertainment. ‘ They may even copy the acts that they see on violent shows-?start fires, carry and use weapons, attack people in angry or dangerous ways, and even worse. Because of the visual media, some people may become dissatisfied with the reality of their own lives.To these viewers, everyday life does not seem as exciting as the roles actors play in movies or TV dramas. They realize they are not having as much fun as the stars of comedy shows. Furthermore, average people with normal lives may new famous media personalities, who seem to get unlimited amounts of money and attention. Also, media watchers might get depressed when they cannot take care of situations in real life as well as TV stars seem to. On the screen, they notice, actors solve serious problems in hour or half-hour programs-?or in twenty- second commercials.Yet another negative feature of modern television is called tras h TV. ‘ These daily talk shows bring real people with strange or immoral lives, personalities, or behavior to the screen. Millions of viewers-?including children-?watch as these ‘instant stars' tell their most personal secrets, shout out their angry feelings and opinions, and attack one another. TV watchers seem to like the emotional atmosphere and excitement of this kind of programming-?as well as the tension of the real but terrible stories on TV ‘news magazine' shows.What effect does frequent viewing of such programs have on people's lives? It makes television more real than reality, and normal living begins to seem boring. Finally, the most negative effect of the tube might be addiction. People often feel a strange and powerful need to watch TV or play a CD even when they do not enjoy it or have the free time for entertainment. Addiction to a TV or video screen is similar to drug or alcohol dependence: addicts almost never believe they are addicted. Even so, tr uthful media addicts have to give yes answers to many of these questions.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Global Corporate Citizenship Essay

1. Do you think that apple has demonstrated global corporate citizenship, as defined in this chapter ? Why or Why not ? Global corporate citizenship means that companies must not only be engaged with stakeholders but stakeholders themselves alongside government and civil society. Since companies depend on global development, which in turn relies on stability and increased prosperity, it is in their direct interest to help improve the state of the world. When Apple investigated and found some violations of its supplier code of conduct, which it had introduced in 2005. The following year, the company published its first annual supplier responsibility progress report, I think Apple demonstrated global corporate citizenship. Apple admitted its violations and did everything in its power to correct them. By 2011, Apple had inspected nearly 400 suppliers and had terminated 11 for serious violations. 2. In its response to problems in its contract factories, do you think Apple moved through the stages of corporate citizenship presented in this chapter ? Why or Why not ? _ Corporate citizenship is a term used to describe a company’s role in, or responsibilities towards society. So in Apple’s situation, it has moved through the elementary stage because at first it seemed they were not concerned the citizenship. During peak production periods, all three factories had exceeded the mandated limit of 60 hours of work per day, and many employees had been required to work more than 7 days in a row not receiving fair pay for overtime, unsafe conditions. Then Apple went through engaged stage, it turned to Social Accountability International and announced it had joined the Fair Labor Association. This is because Apple became aware that they needed to change public expectations. To make sure all contractors abiding the code; at Apple’s request and with the company’ s financial support, the FLA immediately undertook the most extensive audit ever conducted of conditions in China’s electronics supply chain. 35,000 workers filled out anonymous questionnaires about their experiences. This process means that Apple is in the innovative stage and they continue in the process of auditing and tracking improvements. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages to Apple of using its own company-specific supplier code of conduct, rather than a global code, such  as those discussed in this chapter? Apple’s Supplier Code of conduct was already one of the toughest in the electronic industry, but it have made it even stronger. And its ensure compliance by conducting hundreds of audits per year worldwide. Its efforts span the entire range of its supply chain – from the manufacturers of tiny components to the facilities that assemble its final products. 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages to Apple of using and independent third-party auditor, rather than rely on its own internal audits? The advantages of bringing in a third-party firm are numerous. Investigative auditing firms employ accountants who do this work on a regular basis. As such, they know what to look for. Another advantage is impartiality. An outside investigative auditor – who has no personal or professional relationship with your employees – is likely to conduct the audit in an impartial manner. This is important, as these investigations can lead to criminal prosecution. Thus, relying on an internal accountant to find fraud or theft might place him in an uncomfortable situation, which can affect morale. The FLA can certainly claim to be more independent. It conducts its own audits and requires members to disclose the results. And it also has a third-party auditor re-audit some of its own inspections to make sure progress is being made on fixing violations. If indeed you have an accountant trained in investigative auditing on staff, it makes sense to use your own forensic accountant in the investigative auditing process. The positive side of this is that it gives you more control over the dissemination of information. It is typically harder to control dissemination of information when an outside firm is involved. Another disadvantage is cost-related. Hiring an investigative auditing firm is typically far more expensive than using your own investigative accountant.